Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Essay Example It was in the late 2002, specialists found in the facilities of southern China, a febrile upper respiratory ailment, which was advancing into a perilous pneumonia in certain people. It later ended up being a dangerous flare-up in Hong Kong, which The World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2003 characterized as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The WHO has framed rules for the worldwide reconnaissance of extreme intense reparatory disorder, to recognize cases quickly and to forestall the further national or universal spreading of the ailment. Attributes of SARS â€spread and seriousness of SARS Through beads The significant method of spreading the illness is viewed as by bead spread by close individual to-individual contact. The most cases detailed that individuals who lived with the patient or had direct contact had influenced the ailment. In an exploration study it was discovered that, SARS-CoV would influence the people in close region of a contaminated individual. Thro ugh contact with fomites Studies have demonstrated that infection can stay suitable on an evaporate surface for a period to 24hours. By contacting the articles or surfaces defiled with the infection can influence in the delicate parts like films of the eye, nose, or mouth. Infection spread through the fomites has higher danger of causing the sickness. Through the defecation Studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV can continue in excrement. It can stay safe at room temperature for 1to 2 days and keeps awake to 4days in stools from patients with looseness of the bowels. Through airborne spread The people group flare-up in the March 2003, which influenced in excess of 300 patients, focuses a finger at the chance of transmitting the infection airborne. A loose bowels tolerant had been influenced by the infection loaded mist concentrates that went from the sewer of different pads. A portion of the pressurized canned products that help the sickness transmission are made by some clinic al techniques, for example, endotracheal intubation, open tracheal pull, and nasopharyngeal desire. The circumstances won in the emergency clinic is under the examination that whether lacking ventilation in the pressed environment has contributed anything to the medical clinic flare-up. The plague SARS was begun as a medical clinic episode in numerous nations exceptionally influencing the social insurance laborers. Inability to execute sufficient individual defensive gear or appropriate contamination control strategies were supposed to be the explanations behind such emergency clinic flare-ups. A few cases detailed had no history of contamination and were inconsistently happening. The researchers discovered it trouble in forestalling the infection as there was quick spread in the significant urban communities. Similarly, it was discovered that the group insusceptibility was low in the influenced nations. Just in places where successful general wellbeing measures were by and by, indi viduals could put off the infection. Most dreaded trademark The factor that makes individuals anxious about voyaging and drops their itinerary items is that the SARS can transmit through contact with fomites. The WHO has formally pronounced cases about the patients influenced by the infection through fecal-oral contact. So they dread in going to different spots where they may need to get in contact with others or even need to go to a lodging. In the event that an influenced individual had been in the inn before them, the infection can in any case stay safe in the surface and can transmit the ailment into them. It is demonstrated that the infection can stay in the dry surface for 24hours. Such dread and nervousness about the malady makes individuals drop their excursions to different nations, in reality it helps in forestalling the illness somewhat. Reference index Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SARS Case 1, Autospy Singapore. Recovered from http://www.afip.org/intriguing issues/ SARS/case1.html Trends and bearings for worldwide general wellbeing

Emotional Abuse of Children †Childhood Development Essay

Psychological mistreatment of Children †Childhood Development Essay Free Online Research Papers Psychological mistreatment of Children Childhood Development Essay Psychological mistreatment varies from the observations that many hold of misuse, as the curse isn't physical but instead verbal or mental harm. Its impalpability and subjectivity to translation has problematized its acknowledgment inside the open circle too trouble and incongruence in characterizing psychological mistreatment as a different element from different types of misuse. This has represented a critical test in directing important research bringing about psychological mistreatment being â€Å"the least concentrated of the considerable number of types of youngster abuse and its etiology is less developed† (Tomison and Tucci 1997 p2) While the specific definitional comprehension and estimation of psychological mistreatment are hard to decide, a large number of the ramifications of this type of misuse can be conceptualized dependent on a considerable lot of the encounters of kids and its effect and impact can be comprehended. Psychological mistreatment may exist autonomously or in concurrence with different types of misuse and is â€Å"increasingly viewed as the center issue in all types of youngster misuse and neglect† (Tomison and Tucci 1997 p2) alongside one of the most pervasive delivering among the most ruinous outcomes (Tomison and Tucci 1997). The impacts of psychological mistreatment are seen formatively by scientists (Gabarino 1978 in Tomison and Tucci 1997) especially in getting youngsters. Because of the characterisation of psychological mistreatment as an example of conduct over some undefined time frame instead of a disconnected event, we can see that albeit psychological mistreatment might be less simple to characterize its effect and impact on children’s advancement and prosperity is impeding. Huge to this is likewise youngsters seeing abusive behavior at home which is increasing a developing acknowledgment as having a tremendously harming impact on kids and is of huge worry as it is the most well-known purpose behind a kid to be alluded to DoCS or other kid security organizations (Irwin, Waugh and Wilkinson 2002) The effect of psychological mistreatment on youngsters might be especially hard for them to characterize as specialists have regularly seen psychological mistreatment as profound established and intergenerational inside the family structure, frequently subverting or debasing a child’s improvement (Tomison and Tucci 1997) The impact of this conduct can have sweeping short and long haul impacts and be widely inconvenient. The impact of and an individual’s response to psychological mistreatment will be dictated by a numerous components, for example, the individual conditions and experience of misuse. A huge number of harming impacts of psychological mistreatment of kids are apparent, impinging on the capacity of a kid to create and encounter a feeling of prosperity and being cherished. Such impacts may incorporate low confidence and poor self-assurance, sentiments of blame, disgrace and uselessness, disarray over the maltreatment and their feeling of personality, high uneasiness levels, withdrawal from social collaboration, hostility and conduct challenges, physical responses, for example, disease, relational and correspondence issues including issues communicating feeling or age wrong conduct (Napcan 2005) The more drawn out term impacts of enthusiastic youngster misuse may shift considering the abstract understanding of the individual and variable elements including the nature, length, seriousness, culprit, family, backing and intercessions of the harsh conduct and the development of this conduct inside the individual experience. A portion of these impacts may incorporate the failure to shape positive associations with others including the reoccurrence or entertainment of damaging connections as the person in question or abuser, sedate use, vagrancy, restricted fundamental abilities, emotional well-being issues and pointless or self-destructive practices. (Napcan 2005) Research has additionally recommended a solid connection between youngster misuse and injury including post horrible pressure issue with the casualty confronting key and different issues with the â€Å"defences shaped in youth turning out to be progressively maladaptive.† (Herman 1997 p114) Research has additionally started to scrutinize the job and impact of psychological mistreatment comparative with different types of misuse. It has been proposed that youngsters who experience psychological mistreatment are bound to encounter different types of maltreatment related to this (Higgins 2004). This brings up the issue of if these kids grasp the full effect of psychological mistreatment inside the setting of different types of misuse and the overwhelming effect of various and dull maltreatment in the lives of kids. Psychological mistreatment stays a zone inside the abusive behavior at home and youngster misuse range which is moderately under looked into and investigated with its effects and impacts thoughtfully less created and the encounters of its casualties frequently unheard, underrepresented inside research and measurements. Lamentably in numerous cases kids are unsupported or even unconscious of the greatness and unfair nature of the sincerely injurious activities and practices dispensed upon them. Youngsters are especially powerless individuals from our general public, isolated and minimized, moderately open to separation and misuse and frequently unfit to communicate and speak to their privileges and eventual benefits. Their formative stage and restricted access to data and assets are frequently utilized against them and the force held by grown-ups and relatives might be manhandled without a youngster completely appreciating why. Youngsters may likewise be not able to figure out what is and what isn't suitable or caring conduct towards them, especially in deconstructing the experience of psychological mistreatment, which might be multifaceted and complex, not in every case basically classified by explicit activities or conduct. More youthful kids may likewise be less open to talking about viciousness inside or outside the family feeling that they are frail or even to blame. A significant number of the impacts of psychological mistreatment, for example, low confidence, sorrow, hostility and withdrawal may go about as boundaries in conveying their maltreatment or in having their divulgence of a harsh circumstance paid attention to. This may multiply the developing doubt a kid may feel towards grown-ups and the consideration giving organization that has neglected to help them and satisfy their requirements. Youngsters may have been told by their abuser or others that no one will tune in to their claims of misuse or that more regrettable outcomes will follow with exposure. The kid may likewise be connected to their abuser and might not have any desire to be isolated from them, rather wanting for the maltreatment to just stop. Especially applicable inside sincerely injurious circumstances is whether a youngster will perceive the conduct and activities delivered upon them as misuse. With definitional issues and logical inconsistencies staying in arranging the development of psychological mistreatment, a youngster might be not able to find this conduct as harsh and might be deciphering it as simply having a contentious, chilly, cruel or relationally repressed guardian. Kids inside genuinely injurious circumstances face different difficulties and underestimation as underrepresented bunches in both their encounters as kids and as those encountering psychological mistreatment. Promotion and research for kids encountering this maltreatment is exceptionally restricted and in this way has not yet been pushed into the talk of the open circle in a similar way as kid sexual and physical maltreatment. This is dangerous as it can prompt the further withdrawal and rejection of this gathering even inside the maltreatment setting and isn't helpful for helping kids and families comprehend and forestall psychological mistreatment. Various issues face youngsters in getting to administrations and help with psychological mistreatment. Youngsters, particularly more youthful kids are needy upon their folks and parental figures and along these lines may not know about or be equipped for getting to administrations. More youthful youngsters may not be psychologically or formatively ready to process and mark their encounters of enthusiastic mischief or viciousness as misuse or even reasonably develop a comprehension of misuse is. Connection and reliance additionally shapes a significant test, as youngsters are reluctant to perceive issues and bargain their associations with their folks. Youngsters are frequently confounded as they unequivocally love their folks and are maybe additionally ready to amass moral obligation and self fault for the occasions or excuse them trusting that the maltreatment will end. This may encourage examples of maltreatment to proceed with kids staying reluctant to make a move against their fo lks. In the event that youngsters are happy to look for help they might be uncertain of where to turn and overwhelmed by the administrations accessible which are frequently grown-up focused. A concentration inside assistance arrangement restricted to sexual and physical maltreatment may likewise be risky, as the comprehension and encouraging groups of people built up seldom cook explicitly and don't generally provide food comprehensively for the sincerely manhandled kid, moving back upon the absence of acknowledgment of the degree and effect of enthusiastic and mental maltreatment. Kids may likewise be not able to get to help because of their closeness to the abuser on the off chance that they are an essential guardian and the dangers in question. The youngster may fear revenge is found and might be frightful that their divulgence won't be tuned in to or accepted, conceivably multiplying their effectively unstable circumstance opening themselves to additionally mischief and misuse. The social development of the youngster and family inside society are likewise essential to inspect in further conceptualizing the system inside which the kid misuse and abuse worldview exists. The philosophy of the family as a private unit with which society has next to zero connection or power over, albeit fairly obsolete, regularly resinates inside the experience of the genuinely manhandled kid. The development to

80 Things You Probably Didnt Know About Psychology

80 Things You Probably Didnt Know About Psychology More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Psychology offers a multitude of insights into not only our own minds and behaviors, but also the thoughts and actions of those around us. Have you ever wondered why you and your siblings have such different personalities despite sharing the same genetic and environmental background? Curious about why people sometimes behave differently in groups than they would when they are alone? Psychology research can offer answers to many of these questions. The following are just a few fun facts about different topics within psychology. Check through these lists to learn some new things about personality, social behavior, child development, and much more. 10 Things You Should Know About Psychology Psychology can seem a bit daunting to those who are completely new to the subject. Your first introductory course will cover an enormous range of topics including psychology history, human development, social behavior, cognition, personality, and more. Before you delve deeper into the topic, it is a good idea to gain a solid grasp of some of the basics. Learn more about some of the fundamentals in this overview of 10 things you should know about psychology. 10 Things You Didnt Know About Personality Personality is one of the most popular topics within psychology. The field of personality psychology is rich with fascinating facts about the traits and characteristics that make us who we are. Did you know that people can make fairly accurate assessments of your personality based solely on your Facebook profile? Or that certain personality traits are linked to particular illnesses? Learn more about what researchers have learned in these ten fascinating facts about personality. 10 Things You Should Know About Child Development Childhood is a time of amazing growth and change. From the earliest days of an infants life to the often turbulent years of adolescence, there is a remarkable amount of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth taking place. If you are a psychology major, then you will be required to take at least one class focused purely on developmental psychology during your undergraduate years, but even non-psychology majors can benefit from learning more about the developmental process. Get started by checking out these 10 quick facts about child development. 10 Things You Should Know About Social Psychology Have you ever noticed how people tend to behave differently in a big crowd than they do when they are alone or with a smaller group? Have you ever wondered about why people conform or how attitudes are formed? Social psychology is the area that focuses on such questions and this fascinating subject is one of the most popular topics within psychology. If youve ever found yourself fascinated with social behavior, then be sure to check out these ten quick facts focused on things you should know about social psychology. 10 Fascinating Facts About Human Memory Did you know that information only stays in short-term memory for about 20 to 30 seconds? From the fond memories you have of your childhood to the memory of what you had for lunch yesterday, it is our memory that makes us who we are. Our memories give us a sense of self and form the fabric of our daily life experiences. Have you ever wondered why you always seem to forget certain things like the names of new acquaintances? Or are you interested in learning more about how you can improve your memory? Memory is an astonishingly complex process that involves many areas of the brain. Memories can be vivid and long-lasting, but they are also susceptible to inaccuracies and forgetting. Researchers are discovering more and more about how memory works, including how long-term memories are created and how to combat memory loss associated with the aging process. Continue reading to learn more about ten fascinating facts about human memory. 10 Things You Might Not Know About Freud Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous figures in the history of psychology, but many students know little about his life beyond the fact that he was the founder of psychoanalysis. Despite the fact that his theories are often maligned by contemporary psychologists, he remains one of historys most fascinating characters. Did you know that Sigmund Freud gave up his job in a science lab and became a doctor in order to marry the woman he loved? Or that he probably never actually said the famous phrase Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar? Learn more about some of the interesting aspects of his life and career in these ten facts about Freud. 10 Things You Might Not Know About Dreams Did you know that experts estimate that about 90 percent of all dreams are forgotten? Or that negative emotions are more common in dreams than positive ones? Dreams can be fascinating and strange, but experts have learned a few things about the content of our dreams. Check out some of these ten fascinating facts about dreams to learn more. 10 Amazing Facts About Your Brain There are still plenty of mysteries about how the brain works, but researchers have uncovered a number of things about the human brain. For example, did you know that while the brain makes up just two percent of our overall weight, it takes up about 20 percent of our energy? Check out some more interesting facts about the brain.

Lord Of The Flies And The Hunger Games Essay - 1192 Words

Separation The nature and way humans behave has been sunk deep into our ancestors’ history and experiences. The many sides of human nature are present in all of mankind. The nature of mankind is explored by numerous texts. Two of these texts are Lord of the Flies and The Hunger Games. Both texts explore the nature of humans and how everyone has traits of them all. Lord of the Flies is a novel, written by William Golding and published in 1954, about a young group of British school boys who are stranded on a desert island after their plane is shot down, in the midst of a raging war. The group encounters a myriad number of problems and boisterous arguments and disputes between the boys group. Internal and external conflicts are present throughout the novel, whether it be man vs man, man vs, himself or man versus nature. William Golding portrays conflict mainly through the characterisation of the two main characters: Ralph, leader of the civilised, and Jack, leader of the savage group. Golding draws on parallels with modern society through the growing tension between civilisation and savagery. The author does this in three key moments throughout the rising action The novel begins with the group of boy arriving on the island. Throughout the initial chapter , one to four, the stress ascending between the boys, specifically, the two leaders, Jack and Ralph. The coming or crisis is reached shortly after, in the fifth chapter, Beast from Water, when the personification of evil,Show MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games And Lord Of The Flies Literary Analysis1419 Words   |  6 Pagesmolecular level (Underwood 1). Studies conducted at Harvard Medical School show that isolation stunts the communication of neurons throughout the body, leading to severe emotional instability (Underwood 2). At face value, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and Lord of the Flies by William Golding are skillful depictions of what occurs when youths are isolated from the rest of society. Occurring in dystopian realities, groups of youths are left stranded in a designated, isolated area with dangerousRead MoreAnalysis Of Lord Of The Flies And Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins120 8 Words   |  5 Pagesit. The novels, Lord of The Flies by William Golding and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, demonstrate this prospect as through the narrative techniques of characterisation, plot, setting and style, they exemplify the moral decline of man under pressure to survive, ultimately resulting in savagery. Characterisation plays a major role in both texts as each character serves as a representation humanity and the faults within it. Throughout Lord of the Flies there is a developingRead MoreApa: Comparison Between the Hunger Games and Lord of the Flies1576 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference of group and individual survival between the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collin, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and the 1990 film of Lord of the Flies directed by Harry Hook. BY: Becky Coutlee April, 23, 2012 D.Smith Comparing and contrasting the similarities and difference of group and individual survival between the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collin, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and the 1990 film of Lord of the Flies directed by Harry Hook. â€Å"And while the law of competitionRead MoreUtopia:The Flawed Pursuit for Perfection1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern works and form the basis for this analysis in William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies and Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games. Through their most recognised pieces, Golding and Collins demonstrate that free will and control cannot be moderated effectively to sustain a utopian society. Demonstrating that human greed and corruption dismantle these ideals, effectively creating a dystopia. Through The Lord of the Flies, Golding demonstrates the degradation of a potentially utopic society, intoRead MoreLord of the Flies642 Words   |  3 PagesThe book Lord of the Flies shows us how humans act when there is a weakly constructed system of power. We see how a group of civilized young men change into a bunch of crazy animalistic beasts over a very short period of time when there is no one who is â€Å"above† them to order them around and set rules. In The Hunger Games we see a society of people grouped into districts who follow the strict rules of the capital. If you question the capital or disobey one rule or show any sign of treasonRead MoreThe Hunger Games Isu Journal Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesIndependent Study Journal: The Hunger Games For my independent novel study, I have decided to use Suzanne Collin’s Novel the Hunger Games; a story set around a teenaged girl’s firsthand account of gladiator-like sports in a post-apocalyptic era where North America once stood. The book creates a mood or sense of suspense and hope for Katniss Everdeen, the protagonist who has to fight for survival in the Hunger Games. This reminds me of and relates to the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding. WhereRead MoreWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of the Flies, was born on September 19, 1911. He was born in1600 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of the Flies, was born on September 19, 1911. He was born in Saint Columb Minor, Cornwall, England. William Golding was an English and philosophy teacher all the way up to 1940. Right after his teaching career, he joined the navy to serve his time. The navy is what inspired him to write his first big novel, Lord of the Flies. Lord of the Flies was act ually awarded Nobel Prize for literature, ten years later William Golding passes away in Perranarworthal, CornwallRead MoreCharacter Versus Self Vs. Self856 Words   |  4 PagesCollin’s ‘The Hunger Games’ and one is character versus self. This is most prominent in Mockingjay, the last in the Hunger Games series. Katniss, the protagonist, is made to do extremely important jobs, yet she in tumbling through her own problems. She has many pains in her life. Her father’s death, volunteering to take her sister’s place in the Hunger Games, a televised event where twenty-four teens have to fight each other to the death. Nightmares, a love triangle, another Hunger Game and the lossRead MoreAre Humans Naturally Evil Or Good When They Are Born?913 Words   |  4 Pageseven if we know they are evil and against our own moral code or our own legal agreements. I will be going into detail about how we are born evil with evidence from â€Å"Lord of The Flies.â € , â€Å"The Stanford Prison Experiment.†, â€Å"what is nature versus nurture?†, and â€Å"Hobbes: The Leviathan.†. A great example in the book â€Å"Lord of the Flies.† of how we are born evil is Roger. Roger is someone who at the start of the book is throwing stones around other kids, but still missing. The way he was raised keepsRead MoreLord of The Rings/Kite Runner Compare and Contrast Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesKite Runner and Lord of the Flies: Compare and Contrast What objects do you associate innocence with? Marriage, virginity, a childhood toy? When we think of dominance we think of war; we think of negativity. When the phrase ‘parental influence’ comes to mind, we go to our mothers tucking us into bed and watching the game with our fathers—at least that is what us lucky ones think of. Not everyone is lucky enough to have that innocence stored forever, violent free lives, and a mother and father by

The Relationship Between Klse Composite Indexes Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6479 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Capital market is a financial market which is for long term investment funds with the maturities greater than one year. In USA, capital market was controlled by security exchange and it was established in 1934. While in Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) capital market has been developed since 1980s. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Relationship Between Klse Composite Indexes Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It is a market where securities such as common stock, preferred stock and bonds are issued or traded. Companies, government and other organizations use capital market in order to raise funds for their operations. In other words, capital market helps organizations or institutions whether in public and private sector to gain capital. Besides that, capital market also traded an investment funds like debt, equity and mortgage loan. The central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) also played a very important role in develop and care of this market. Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange or more popular known as KLSE is the only one stock market in this country. All the listed securities in Malaysia are done by KLSE since the KLSE is a self-regulatory. Based on this study, KLSE Composite Index are represented by the stock market, money supply represented by M3, consumer price index represented the inflation rates and exchange rates represented by the Malaysian Ringgit (RM) against the US Dollar. In KLSE it has their own rules where buyers and sellers trade their transaction with each other. Since KLSE was established, there were ups and down movement of KLSE causes by many variables. To measure the performance of stock market, stock index is used. Besides, it can be used by all investors as a benchmark for them to evaluate the performance of holding shares. KLSE Composite Index is comprised of 100 companies listed on the exchange. The movement of stock prices can be triggered by the movement in financial sector in particular, that is the money supply. From this situation, there might be a relationship between KLSE Composite Index with money supply. A negative relationship between stock market and inflation in India and by previous study that also comes out with the same result might support the relationship between KLSE Composite Index with inflation rates. The motivation of this study is to find out whether there is a relationship between KLSE Composite Index with the level of money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates. Thus, if the Malaysian economic are facing with inflation, the stock price will be low and vice versa. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) is a formal stock market and it is widely constructed such as the composite index, EMAS index, and the various sector indices of tin, plantation, hotel, services, automobile, industrial and properties. KLSE is a self-regulatory organization and has emerged as one of the top performing bourses in developing countries in 1992. Based on the previous study, stock index is used to measure the performance of all stock market. KLSE calculate the index for each main sector traded however, mostly it will use the KLSE Composite Index because it will comprise the stocks traded on the KLSE. Since it is the only stock market in Malaysia, the monitoring and supervising do by Minister of Finance (MOF) and by Securities Commission (SC). KLSE Composite Index has been introduced on 1986 where one stock index was needed which can act to stock market performance and Malaysia economy. All the data that has been calculated electronically by KLSE can be taken by brokers companies and other customers at any time since the index is base on minute to minute. KLSE are really a well known stock market in the world. In 1970s and 1980s, KLSE had major development until it had become one of the largest market capitalization bourses in South-East Asia. However, when Singapore out from Malaysia in 1965, the Stock Exchange of Malaysia then, known as the Stock Exchange of Malaysia and Singapore. In spite of, in 1973 when the currency exchange between Malaysia and Singapore drop, again it changes the name and become Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange and Stock Exchange of Singapore. In 2004, KLSE has changed it name and now it is known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad. This Bursa Malaysia focused to improve the products and services that they conduct. While in year 2005, Bursa Malaysia was listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Security Berhad. While in KLSE Composite Index, it has been accepted as a local stock market barometer when it was introduced in 1986. From the investor side, the major factors that determine the stock market are the climate of economic. This study investigates the impact of inflation rates, exchange rates and money supply towards stock market. Based on the previous study, there are several researches that have been handled to investigate this dependent variable and independent variables. 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT This study is to analyze whether there are significant relationship between KLSE Composite Index as a dependent variables with the money supply (M3), inflation rate and exchange rate as an independent variables. Malaysia stock market performance nowadays has staged at an encouraging recovery and gain in selected blue chips and this can be proved when in 2007, Malaysias economy placed the third largest economy in Southeast Asia. Malaysian stock market is able to provide profitability investment since strong domestic spending give benefit sector trading in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). The movement of KLSE Composite Index Inflation depends on many economic factors. For this study, researcher tries to figure out whether the economic factors could affect the performance of KLSE Composite Index. The economic factors for this study refer to money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates. Researcher also tries to figure out, whether the economic factors could be major elements of stock investments. Inflation is happen when a country has printed too much money which will increase the rate of consumer price and also will affect the cost of living. Good news for inflation is, the last report of inflation rate in Malaysia is about only two percent which is in November 2010. There was a negative relationship between inflation rate and stock price. This is because during inflation, cost of living and cost of production will increase and investor will not invest as before inflation happen. Exchange rate refers as a payment or change for person that want to do exchange in currency from one country to currency of other country. While for the study in relationship with exchange rate, it also showed a negative relationship. When there is an increment in level of currency, the charges for each exchange also will be affected. This means they have to change the currency in a large amount and it might affect their money. Therefore, the rational of doing this research is to find out, whether KLSE Composite Index are linked to economic condition in level of money supply, inflation rate and exchange rate? 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study is to figure out the relationship, movement and performance of dependent variable and independent variables. It has divided into two types of objectives. The objectives of this study are: 1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES The major objective of this study is to identify the relationship between dependent variable (KLSE-CI) and independent variables which are money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates in order to know whether there is any positive or negative relationship. 1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between inflation rates and KLSE Composite Index To determine the relationship between exchange rates and KLSE Composite Index To identify whether changes in variables are significant in affecting the movement of KLSE Composite Index 1.4.3 NULL HYPOTHESES (H0) There is no significant relationship between KLSE Composite Index (dependent variables) with money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates (independent variables). 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research paper is to examine the relationship between Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Index with level of money supply (M3), inflation rates (CPI) and exchange rates (Ringgit against US Dollar). The data for this study are gathered a period for 60 months (5 years) from 2006 to 2010. As been stated, the multiple regression analysis is used to measure the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables with monthly basis issued by Bank Negara Malaysia (Central Bank of Malaysia). 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY There are some limitations in conducting this research. The limitations that have been highlighted are as follow: Limited variables chosen make it difficult to interpret the relationship of dependent variable and independent variables and it been conclude as not really efficient. The data collected are mostly from internet, journals, newspapers and economic reports. Unreliable collected data will lead to unreliable results. The data for this study is gathered for monthly collective data which taken from Bank Negara Malaysia. Only three independent variables (money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates) have been chosen since there are too many internal factors that can classify the relationship and can affect KLSE Composite Index. This study cover period for 60 months (5 years) 2005 to 2010, are considered quite a short period compare to other research. The finding might not be perfectly accurate. For this research, only one country is focused which is Malaysia in order to limit the scope of research. The limitation for this research can be more reliable if the data taken based on weekly basis. Since best research comes with accurate data from weekly or daily basis data. 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study provides some useful information about the relationship between KLSE Composite Index with levels of inflation rates, exchange rates and money supply. The significant of this study is to build better understanding for readers and useful information to investors in making good investment decision. In addition, this study provides two important aspects in Malaysia economy (exchange rates and inflation rates) which can help companies in Malaysia to make decisions to issue their shares during the period of good economic and during the economic when it face with high inflation. Studies examining the relationship between money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates under Malaysian experiences are very limited, and it is hope from the available findings from this study, it can be use as a direction or reference for further research. CHAPTER 2 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW According to Oguzhan Aydamer (2009), with topic The Relationship Between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates Evidence From Turkey, he disclose the relationship between macroeconomics variables such as money supply, inflation rates, exchange rates, interest rates and stock price. This research done for 8 years from February 2001 to January 2008 which focus in one country, which is Turkey. After all the research that has been made, he then concludes that there is a negative relationship between exchange rates and all stock market indices. Besides, he also stated that other variables are also having negative relationship. Sara Alataqi and Shokoofeh Fazel (2008), with topic Can Money Supply Predict Stock Price said that, when they refer to other previous researcher, most of them come with the same result which a positive casual relationship between money supply and stock prices is frequently hypothesized by some financial analysis. While for both of these researchers, Sara Alataqi and Shokoofeh Fazel theier belive are against with that statement. From the research they have made, the results that they get are totally different with the previous study. They have proved the reason and all the calculated data in their research. As a result, they strongly explained that there is a negative relationship from money supply to stock price and also a negative relationship from interest rate to stock price. Paritosh Kumar (2008), Is Indian Stock Market Related with Exchange Rate and Inflation, said that short-term foreign assets are fully exposed to exchange risk and exchange rates movement might affect the domestic companies. He also strongly believes that, a relationship between exchange rates and stock prices do exists but it just does not rule out any relationship between them. The end result for this research is he admit that there is a significance relationship even though it shows a negative sign which means to a negative relationship. According to Shamail Arzu (2008), Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Stock Prices comes to the conclusion which changes immediately in currency can absolutely affect ups and down in the stock index. Besides, he found that fluctuation in currency rates and movement in stock exchange is negatively will affect imports and exports in a country as well. Koffie Nassar (2005), Money Demand and Inflation said that by doing an analyzing data on the relationship between money supply, prices, inflation and income in Madagascar, it comes to the result which state that a negative correlation do exist and inflation expectations are largely determined by every past events. By controlling inflation in the short run, most of the broad money growth can be effective. It concludes that the variables are not strongly significance with the dependent variable. Ramin Cooper Maysami, Lee Chuin Howe and MohamadAtkin Hamzah (2004), Co-integration Evidence From Stock Exchange of Singapores All-S Stock Indices said that the objective of their research is to examine the relationship between selected macroeconomic variables with Singapore Exchange Stock Indices. The result highlighted that the majority of the macroeconomic variables includes broad money, exchange rates and other factors are much more seriously have strong casual relationship with Singapore Exchange Stock Indices. Ming-Yu Cheng and Hui-Boon Tan (2002), entitled Inflation in Malaysia, sait that the objective of this study is to identify either it contribute to the significance relationship or not. Both researchers come to the same conclusion where based on the variables that they have been discussed, it still significance but it cannot be calssified as strong significance. According to Professor J.P.Gupta, Professor Alian Chevalier and Fran Sayekt (2000), with the research on topic The Casuality between Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and Stock Price in Emerging Markets: The Case of the Jakarta Stock Exchange highlighted that stock market are very complex and it can be very sensitive to exchange rates and interest rates. Any movement in stock market will totally affect the economy. When interest rate and exchange rates are fluctuating, it will cause a bad effect. Other than that, they agreed that interest rate and stock prices are independent series for most of the time and it a same result found in exchange rates which have strong relationship with stock price. Both variables are significance relationship towards stock price. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To find the result on this research, there are certain methods that can be used in order to determine the information data of relationship between the given variables. In this study, to determine the relationship between dependent variables (KLSE Composite Index) with independent variables (Inflation Rates, Money Supply and Exchange Rates), an analysis named the Multiple Regression Analysis and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) is applied in order to analyze data and enhance better understanding for the result. This study covers the period from 2005 to 2010. These methods are the most applicable because it will evaluate the relationship between the variables. SPSS is used to interpret a result in research while Multiple Regression Analysis is used to measure the linear association between dependent variable and independent variables 3.2 DATA SOURCES Most of the data for this study are come from the secondary data. The closing prices of KLSE Composite Index at the end of each period were gathered and the data were achieved from Quarterly closing prices KLSE Composite Index over the period 2005 to 2010. Data for the independent variables, which are money supply (M3), inflation rate (CPI) and exchange rate were achieved from Monthly Statistical Bulletin issued by Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia) from 2005 until 2010. 3.3 THE DATA Based on this study, all the relevant data are the secondary data. There are: KLSE COMPOSITE INDEX Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE), which now known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad is a place for traders to do trading. It contains many counters where each of the counters is for different companies. Besides, it is a self regulatory organization that administers the conduct of its members and also members of stock broking companies. The data for KLSE were gathered from KLSE Yahoo Finance. MONEY SUPPLY Money supply is a total supply of money circulation use in economy. There are several types of measurement in money supply which known as M1, M2 and M3. In this study, researcher focuses more on M3. M3 which refer to broad money are consists of foreign currency deposits, saving deposits, fixed deposits, negotiable certificate deposit (NIDS) and repurchase agreement (Repos). The foreign currency deposits refer to deposit of foreign currencies hold by commercial banks, merchant bank and non-bank Malaysian residents. In this research, the data were taken from Monthly Statistical Bulletin of Bank Negara Malaysia. INFLATION RATES In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of inflation. In this study, the data were obtained from Monthly Statistical Bulletin of Bank Negara Malaysia. EXCHANGE RATES Exchange rate or also known as foreign exchange rate shows the relationship of currency between one country with others. In this research, researcher focuses on Malaysian (MYR) currency with US currency (USD). Increase in Malaysia ringgit means a decrease in the cost of exchange of Malaysian currency with other currency. The data for exchange rate were taken from Monthly Statistical Bulletin of Bank Negara Malaysia. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this study, KLSE Composite Index is chosen as dependent variable and money supply, inflation and exchange rates are classified as the independent variables. This means that the changes in KLSE Composite Index actually depend on the changes in money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates. The diagram of the relationship between both dependent variable and independent variables are being showed below: Money Supply Inflation Rates Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Index (KLSE-CI) Exchange Rates Dependent Variable Independent Variable HYPOTHESES This study consists of Null Hypotheses (H0) and Alternative Hypotheses (H1). The hypotheses are as showed below: Hypotheses 1 H0: There is no relationship between money supply and KLSE Composite Index. H1: There is a relationship between money supply and KLSE Composite Index. Hypotheses 2 H0: There is no relationship between inflation rate and KLSE Composite Index. H1: There is a relationship between inflation rate and KLSE Composite Index. Hypotheses 3 H0: There is no relationship between exchange rate and KLSE Composite Index. H1: There is a between exchange rate and KLSE Composite Index. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS Data for this study were being analyzed by using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) Software. Hypotheses are used to determine the relationship between dependent variables (KLSE Composite Index) and independent variables (money supply-M3, inflation rate, exchange rate). In order to determine the influential of money supply, interest rate and exchange rate towards KLSE Composite Index, a Multiple Regression Analysis is applied. This multiple regression analysis used the independent variables to predict the dependent variables. The Estimated Regression Model as follows: Y = c + M + F + X + Where: Y = Dependent Variable (KLSE Composite Index) c = Constant Term = Regression Coefficient (Beta Measurement) M = Independent Variable (Money Supply-M3) F = Independent Variable (Inflation Rate) X = Independent Variable (Exchange Rate) = Error Term COEFFICIENT RELATIONSHIP Researcher used R2, T-Statistic and F-Statistic to determine the relationship between money supply, inflation rate and exchange rate towards KLSE Composite Index. COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION (R2) Coefficient of Determination or known as R2 is the most usually used in linear regression. R2 present how well the regression model describes changes in the value of dependent variable (Y) that can be explained by the independent variables. It shows how the line fits the data. The value of R2 is range from zero to one. The range indicates whether the correlation is strong or not. If R2 is zero, the equation explains that there is no relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. While if the R2 is 1, the equation explains the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables are do exist. The higher the value of R2, the better the regression equation will be. When value of R2 is higher, the exploratory power will increase and be more accurate for forecasting purposes. An equation of R2: Total VariationR2 = Total Explain Variation This equation are used when researcher decide to calculate by manual. However, in this study, researcher has chosen Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) in order to calculate all the data that are gathered from Bank Negara Malaysia for the 60 months periods. The result of this R2 will be shows and explains in analysis and findings. It also will conclude whether all independent variables will explain the dependent variable or it will not. T STATISTICS ( T-STAT) T- Statistic is used to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypotheses and also to analyze the significant relationship between dependent variable and independent variables. The value in t-table will be compared with the calculated t-value. T is critical value at certain significant T = (n k 1) n = number of observations / years k = number of independent variables If the computed t-statistic is greater than t-critical value at certain significant levels, thus reject H0. If the computed t-statistic is lower than t-critical value at certain significant levels, thus accept H0. T-Computed gt; T Critical Value, accept H1 and reject H0 T-Computed lt; T Critical Value, accept H0 and reject H1 F STATISTICS (F-STAT) Researcher is also using F-Statistic in order to know the consistency of overall regression equation. F-Statistic will evaluate the significant of each individual component of entire regression model. Equation of F-Statistic is as follows: F = Explained Variation / (k-1) Unexplained Variation / (n-k) Where: F = critical value k = number of independent variable n = number of observation If the computed F-Statistic is greater than F-Statistic value at certain significant level, then reject H0. It is a vice versa when the computed F-Statistic is lower than F-Statistic value at certain significant level, then accept H0. F-Computed gt; F-Critical Value, accept H1 F-Computed lt; F-Critical Value, reject H1 DURBIN WATSON STATISTIC Durbin Watson is used to test the presence of auto correlation. It is appears when time series data are used. Auto correlation gives a downward bias to the standard error of the estimated coefficient (t-value are exaggerated) and hence the estimated coefficient is concluded to be significant when in reality they are not. There are three possibilities where the auto correlation problem might arise: When the independent variables are duplicated When some of the independent variables are miss specified When some important variables are found missing in the model When successive residuals are positively auto correlated, the value of D will be approach zero. If the residual are not correlated, the value of D will be closed to zero. If there is a negative auto correlated, the value of D will be greater than two and could even approach its minimum value of four. Equation of Durbin Watson Statistic (D) is defining as: D = PEARSON CORRELATION ANALYSIS Pearson correlation analysis is a statistical analysis to see the direction and to describe the strength and significance of the relationships between the dependent variables and the independent variables. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the result can be ranked as follows: Less than 0.30 = Week Relationship 0.30 to 0.49 = Moderate Relationship 0.50 to 0.69 = Strong Relationship 0.70 to 0.99 = Very Strong Relationship 1.0 = Perfect Relationship CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS This chapter provides the findings which are obtained from the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Through SPSS, the relationship between Money Supply (M3), Inflation Rate and Exchange Rate with KLSE Composite Index can be identified. The researcher used regression in order to measure the linear relationship between dependent variable and independent variables. Coefficient of determinations (R2), T- statistic and F- statistic are the methodologies that being used by researcher to interpret the multiple regressions. All the data were calculated on monthly basis for 60 months period (5-year), which are from January 2006 to December 2010. Table1: Data gathered from monthly statistical bulletin BNM YEAR KLSE M3 INFLATION EXCHANGE Jan-06 914.0100 679276.3000 3.2500 3.7510 Feb-06 928.9400 686040.7000 3.2400 3.7135 Mar-06 926.6300 690830.2000 4.7600 3.6860 Apr-06 949.2300 697329.4000 4.5500 3.6255 May-06 927.7800 699037.4000 3.9100 3.6290 Jun-06 914.6900 700537.8000 3.9000 3.6750 Jul-06 935.8500 705585.5000 4.1100 3.6535 Aug-06 958.1200 717140.9000 3.2800 3.6770 Sep-06 967.5500 716265.6000 3.2700 3.6845 Oct-06 988.3000 725351.2000 3.0700 3.6480 Nov-06 1080.6600 737229.6000 2.9600 3.6180 Dec-06 1096.2400 760301.6000 3.0500 3.5315 Jan-07 1189.3500 776100.8000 3.2400 3.5015 Feb-07 1196.4500 789147.0000 3.1400 3.5060 Mar-07 1246.8700 789222.5000 1.5500 3.4560 Apr-07 1322.2500 796487.8000 1.5500 3.4230 May-07 1346.8900 799238.9000 1.4500 3.4045 Jun-07 1354.3800 788610.8000 1.4400 3.4545 Jul-07 1373.7100 799902.2000 1.6300 3.4540 Aug-07 1273.9300 801630.3000 1.9200 3.5035 Sep-07 1336.3000 804248.7000 1.8300 3.4170 Oct-07 1413.6500 807425.8000 1.9200 3.3418 Nov-07 1396.9800 808446.5000 2.3000 3.3585 Dec-07 1445.0300 832737.8000 2.3900 3.3065 Jan-08 1393.2500 867682.2000 2.2800 3.2360 Feb-08 1357.4000 876225.7000 2.6600 3.1890 Mar-08 1247.5200 884372.9000 2.7600 3.1875 Apr-08 1279.8600 893619.3000 3.0500 3.1580 May-08 1276.1000 898652.6000 3.8100 3.2435 Jun-08 1186.5700 899120.0000 7.6900 3.2665 Jul-08 1163.0900 912693.3000 8.5100 3.2630 Aug-08 1100.5000 904562.2000 8.5000 3.3895 Sep-08 1018.6800 912780.0000 8.2100 3.4575 Oct-08 863.6100 900442.6000 7.6300 3.5625 Nov-08 866.1400 909230.6000 5.7100 3.6175 Dec-08 876.7500 931864.7000 4.3900 3.4640 YEAR KLSE M3 INFLATION EXCHANGE Jan-09 884.4500 946005.1000 3.9100 3.6085 Feb-09 890.6700 944320.5000 3.7100 3.6925 Mar-09 872.5500 949445.1000 3.5200 3.6470 Apr-09 990.7400 948276.2000 3.0500 3.5610 May-09 1044.1100 943193.7000 2.3800 3.5075 Jun-09 1075.2400 950848.9000 -1.4100 3.5225 Jul-09 1174.9000 961049.5000 -2.4400 3.5200 Aug-09 1174.2700 973080.6000 -2.4400 3.5260 Sep-09 1202.0800 975786.8000 -2.0000 3.4745 Oct-09 1243.2300 983314.9000 -1.4900 3.4075 Nov-09 1259.1100 1000513.5000 -0.0900 3.3875 Dec-09 1272.7800 1017303.2000 1.0700 3.4245 Jan-10 1259.1600 1021076.7000 1.3400 3.4130 Feb-10 1270.7800 1021628.5000 1.1600 3.4090 Mar-10 1320.5700 1031923.0000 1.3400 3.2730 Apr-10 1346.3800 1025310.0000 1.5200 3.1905 May-10 1285.0100 1030891.5000 1.5500 3.2530 Jun-10 1314.0200 1034522.0000 1.5600 3.2575 Jul-10 1360.9200 1039009.2000 1.7700 3.1875 Aug-10 1422.4900 1052520.2000 1.9000 3.1375 Sep-10 1463.5000 1058471.4000 1.7200 3.0875 Oct-10 1505.6600 1065712.1000 1.8400 3.1095 Nov-10 1485.2300 1082174.4000 1.7700 3.1575 Dec-10 1518.9100 1088969.3000 1.9900 3.0835 The table above shows the figure of each variable, money supply (M3), inflation rates, exchange rates and composite index as the dependent variable and independent variables in a monthly basis for 60 months periods (5-year) from January 2006 to December 2010. INTERPRETATION OF TREND ANALYSIS DV = KLSE COMPOPSITE INDEX M3 = MONEY SUPPLY INF = INFLATION RATES EXC = EXCHANGE RATES Based on this study, this trend analysis used to observe the movement of KLSE Composite Index and it is based on 60 months period (5-years) from January 2006 to December 2010. Data above shows the interpretation of words that are use in this study. TREND ANALYSIS ON KLSE COMPOSITE INDEX (DEPENDENT VARIABLE) Figure 1: Trend of KLSE Composite Index from January 2006 to December 2010 The figure above shows the movement of KLSE Composite Index calculated in monthly basis for 60 months which are from January 2006 to December 2010. This data gathered from Monthly Statistical Bulletin Bank Negara Malaysia. From the graph, it shows that the movements of KLSE Composite Index for 60 months from January 2006 to December 2010 are fluctuated. It means the upwards and downwards momentum was affected by economy of Malaysia. The KLSE Composite Index starts to decline in year 2009 when at this year, Malaysia faced with economic recession. This shows a positive relationship between KLSE Composite Index and economic of Malaysia, where KLSE Composite Index will decrease whenever Malaysia faced an economic recession. Besides, it strongly affected investors. Their level of confidence to do invest will decrease according to recession. They prefer not to invest in order to avoid high risk and they not have extra money to spend on stock investment. However, at the end of 2009 the movement of KLSE Composite Index starts to recover as it showed an increasing movement in the graph. At this stage it can be conclude that, recovery from recession has increase the investors confident to spend on investment and next, it increase in the stock index performance in the KLSE. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS Table 2: Regression result Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) 16.082 1.345 11.955 .000 logM3 -.372 .085 -.304 -4.406 .000 .531 INFLATION -.029 .004 -.398 -7.577 .000 .916 1.092 logEXCHANGE -3.126 .214 -.978 -14.610 .000 .566 1.768 a. Dependent Variable: logKLSE R Squared = 0.858 F Statistics = 112.949 Durbin Watson = 0.633 The table above shows the result of regression which is gathered from Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) that includes all the dependent variable and independent variables. REGRESSION MODEL The specific form of equation: Y = c + M + F + X + The specific form of equation based on SPSS output: Y = 16.082 0.372M 0.029F 3.126X (1.345) (0.085) (0.004) (0.214) All the dependent variable and independent variables data were calculated using SPSS. The figure above are obtained from SPSS were put in the equation of regression. Note: Figures are in parentheses shows standard error of coefficient. Where: KLSE = Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange M = Money Supply (M3) F = Inflation Rates X = Exchange EXPLANATION OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENT MODEL MONEY SUPPLY (M3) From the table 2, the result shows that there is a negative relationship between money supply and the KLSE Composite Index. It means that when the money supply decrease by 1 unit, the changes in KLSE Composite Index also decrease by 0.372 units. INFLATION RATES From the table 2, it indicates that there is a negative relationship between inflation rates and KLSE Composite Index. This shows that when inflation rates decrease by 1 unit, the changes in KLSE Composite Index also decrease by 0.029 units. EXCHANGE RATES From the table 2, the result shows that there is a negative relationship between exchange rates and KLSE Composite Index. This state that when exchange rates decrease by 1 unit, the changes in KLSE Composite Index also will decrease by 3.126 units. COEFFICIENT OF DEERMINATION (R2) Table 3: Mode summary of coefficient of determination Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .926a .858 .851 .06650 a. Predictors: (Constant), logEXCHANGE, INFLATION, logM3 b. Dependent Variable: logKLSE Model R Square 1 0.858 Based on the table above, the result shows that R Squared (R2) is 0.858. It can be measured as a high explanatory power of estimated equation. This indicate that 0.858 stand as 85.8 % of changes in dependent variable. This dependent variable was explained by those independent variables that are listed in the equation like money supply (M3), inflation rates and exchange rates. Another 14.2 % of changes in dependent variable can be explained by other factors such as gross domestic product, interest rate and other macroeconomic variables which are not included in this model. The regression above is still can be accepted. ANOVA Table 4.1: Anova ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 1 Regression 1.498 3 .499 112.949 Residual .248 56 .004 Total 1.746 59 a. Predictors: (Constant), logEXCHANGE, INFLATION, logM3 b. Dependent Variable: logKLSE Sig. F Model .000a 112.949 1 Regression Residual Total The above table shows the result of ANOVAs. It is a test of significance for the overall regression model and was measured from the significance of F-Value in above tables. Table 4.2: F-Statistic Result Critical F-Statistic Calculated F-Statistic Model 112.949 3.15 Regression Where: The numerator is: = k 1 = 3 1 = 2 The denominator is: = n k = 60 3 = 57 The calculated value of the F-statistic is 112.949. Based on the above data, it also shows the degree of freedom for the numerator (k-1) and denominator (n-k). The result gathered from that model, the numerator value is 2 and the denominator value is 57. By using both numerator and denominator, critical F-value is 3.15. Since the calculated F-statistic is greater than F-distribution table, (112.949 gt; 3.15) it explains there is a significant relationship between KLSE Composite Index as dependent variable with money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates as independent variables. Therefore, the overall model appears as a useful model in predicting KLSE Composite Index. T STATISTICS Another statistical test that been using in this study is the concept of T Statistic. This T-Statistics is used to determine if there is a significant relationship between the dependent variable (KLSE Composite Index) with each of the independent variables (money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates). Researcher has set up two hypotheses before. T Statistic will help researcher to choose which hypotheses can be true. The two possibilities are: H0 = null hypotheses; there is no significance relationship H1 = alternate hypotheses; there is a significance relationship Table 5: Coefficients highlighting T-Statistics and significance level Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) 16.082 1.345 11.955 .000 logM3 -.372 .085 -.304 -4.406 .000 .531 INFLATION -.029 .004 -.398 -7.577 .000 .916 1.092 logEXCHANGE -3.126 .214 -.978 -14.610 .000 .566 1.768 a. Dependent Variable: logKLSE ANALYSIS USING SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL If the t -statistic value is greater than the significance level, failed to reject H0. If the t- statistic value is lower that the significance level, reject H0 and conclude H1 Based on this study, the sample size is 60, and to get the number of degree of freedom, there is an equation that has to follow. The degree of freedom is equal of sample size minus number of independent variables minus one. The regression is: Degree of Freedom = n k 1 From this study: Degree of freedom = 60 3 1 = 56 Since the degree of freedom is 56, thus the t distribution table is 2.660 Table 6: T Statistical result of dependent variable and independent variables Remark Critical T-Statistic Observe T Statistic Sig. Variables 0.0000.000 0.000 Significance 11.955 -4.406 Constant logM3 Significance 2.660 2.660 0.000 0.000 Inflation -7.577 Significance 2.660 0.000 -14.610 logExchange ANALYSIS USING T STATISTICS MONEY SUPPLY (M3) From the above table, the calculated T-statistics is -4.406. Since the degree of freedom is 56, the calculated T-value is 2.660. Therefore at 95% confident interval, the calculated T-value is greater than critical T-value (4.406 gt; 2.660). This shows a negative relationship between M3 with KLSE Composite Index movement and the M3 is statistically significance in explaining the KLSE Composite Index. As a decision, H0 will be rejected and H1 will be accepted. It means that money supply does influence the KLSE Composite Index. INFLATION RATES Based on the table 6, the calculated T-statistics is -7.577. It shows that the calculated T-value is more than the critical T-value at the 95% confidence interval (7.577 gt; 2.660). It explains a negative relationship and significance relationship between inflation rates with KLSE Composite Index. As a decision, H0 will be rejected and H1 will be accepted. It means that inflation rates do influence the KLSE Composite Index. EXCHANGE RATES From the table, the calculated T-statistic is 14.610. Since the critical T-value is 2.660, it results in less value compared to the calculated T-statistics at the 95% confidence interval (14.610 gt; 2.660). This show a negative relationship and the exchange rates is statistically significance in explaining the KLSE Composite Index. As a decision, H0 will be rejected and H1 will be accepted. It means the exchange rates do influence the KLSE Composite Index. DURBIN WATSON STATISTIC Table 7: Result of Durbin-Watson Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .926a .858 .851 .06650 a. Predictors: (Constant), logEXCHANGE, INFLATION, logM3 b. Dependent Variable: logKLSE NO DECISION NO DECISION -VE CORRELATION NO AUTOCORRELATION +VE CORRELATION 4-dL 4-dU dU 2 dL 2.52 2.31 1.69 1.48 0.633 Figure 2: Durbin-Watson result Based on the table above, the computed Durbin Watson is 0.633. While the number of observation is 60 and the independent variables are 3. DURBIN WATSON RESULT Model Durbin-Watson 1 0.633 By looking at the Durbin-Watson table, the Durbin-Watson statistic is 0.633. Since the sample size is 60 and the independent variables are 3, result gathered from Durbin-Watson table for dL is 1.48, while for dU is 1.69. This result explained that there are auto correlation problem exist in this study. All the independent variables chosen for this study, which are money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates, are not duplicated. From what have been interpreted above, the calculated Durbin-Watson 0.633 does not rely between 1.69 and 2.31. It comes to the conclusion that there is an auto correlations exist among these variables. PEARSON CORRELATION The correlation is used to access the strength of the relationship between two variables. It is a statistical analysis to see the direction and to describe the significance of the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables. The sign of positive (+ve) explains that the independent variables have positive correlation with the dependent variable. While the sign of negative (-ve) explains that the independent variables have negative correlation with the dependent variable. PEARSON CORRELATION RESULT Table 8: Result of Pearson Correlation Correlations logKLSE logM3 INFLATION LogKLSE Pearson Correlation 1 .451** -.451** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 60 60 60 logM3 Pearson Correlation .451** 1 -.284* Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .028 N 60 60 60 INFLATION Pearson Correlation -.451** -.284* 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .028 N 60 60 60 logEXCHANGE Pearson Correlation -.834** -.658** .143 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .277 N 60 60 60 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). The table above shows the result of the dependent variable and independent variables that describe all of these correlations. It explained which variable are significant and at what level do it state. PEARSON CORRELATION EXPLANATION Money Supply (M3) From the result, there is 45.1% of the variation in money supply that can explain the variation in KLSE Composite Index. This positively relationship can be classified as a strong relationship. It also shows that money supply and KLSE Composite Index have a positive sign which refer to the positive correlation. As a conclusion, it shows a significance result for money supply at the level of 0.01 or at 1%. Inflation Rates Based on the result table, there is negative relationship between inflation rates and KLSE Composite Index. There is 45.1% of the variation in inflation rates that can explain the variation in KLSE Composite Index. As a conclusion, inflation rates also shows a significance result at 1% which refer to 2-tailed. Exchange Rates Based on the result, it explains the relationship between exchange rates and KLSE Composite Index is the strongest compare to other relationship. There is 83.4% of the variations in KLSE Composite Index that explained by the exchange rates. It can be interpreted as a strong relationship. The result shows a negative correlation which means the changes in one variable is affected by the changes in other variables. As a conclusion, this variable also shows a significance result which state at level 0.01. 5.1 CONCLUSION In the beginning of this research, researcher would like to determine whether the macroeconomics variables which are Money Supply (M3), Inflation Rates and Exchange Rates as the independent variables, that has a relationship with Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Index in Malaysia economy. In realistic, there are many variables that can affect the movement and performance on stock index in the stock market. As a result, all the independent variables which are money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates do influence the effect of this KLSE performance. From the problem statement in this research that have been issued before, the problem statement want to discover the movement of KLSE Composite Index on many economic factors, whether the economic factors could affect the performance of KLSE Composite Index . The economic factors refer to money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates as independent variables and KLSE Composite Index as the dependent variables. Researcher tries to figure out the whether relationship between dependent variable and independent variables are suitable between each other or not, since there are other independent variables that are more suitable to used in this research. From the analysis and findings, the result shows a significant relationship between money supply and KLSE Composite Index. However, it result an inconsistent with the previous study that shows a positive relationship which might due to the different value of money, rules and regulation made by different countries. While, the result for inflation rates and exchange rates also shows a significance relationship with KLSE Composite Index. The result shows a consistent with the previous studies that are also state that there are a negative relationship and it shows a significance relationship between inflation rates, exchange rates with KLSE Composite Index. This situation might be attributing to the unique structure of the Malaysian and it may also derive from different perception among the investors. In conclusion, from the result that were obtained from the SPSS it shows all the independent variables which are the money supply, inflation rates and exchange rates have very strong significance relationship with the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Index. In other words, the performance of dependent variable which is, KLSE Composite Index is influenced by these three variables. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on this study, researcher has find out several recommendations which can be use for further research. It is recommended, in order to get an exact effect between money supply (M3), inflation rates and exchange rates with the KLSE composite index, the length of observation period should be more than 60 months (5 years) or a daily data can be taken. The more length of observation being analyze, the more accurate the result will be. Researcher would like to recommend, more than three independent variables such as gross domestic product, interest rate, balance of payment and others to be used in future research. Hence, the result could be more significant and accurate. It is also recommended to use various types of index such as Emas index, industrial index and others that could result more accurate movement in KLSE composite index.

Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality Free Essays

â€Å"Sexuality is an important part of our lives†(King, 2012, p.1), and a reoccurring theme throughout our development. The role that sexuality plays in each of our lives is so important that we see its influence through multiple sources in life, including media and social culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now No matter where you look in society some sort of sexuality is present; whether walking in the mall, observing the family life, or watching teens socialize. What is it though that makes a sexually relationship healthy? Is it attraction, intimacy, love, or interactions with each other? Through this paper we will discuss all the aspects of socio-cultural influences on sexuality, as well as the healthy relationship. It was Rathus (1993) who told us â€Å"human sexuality is the way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings.† It only makes sense that through our environment we learn what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior, even when talking about sex. History is flourished with studies on the affects of sexual experiences, and cultural influences. It was Freud who taught us that we begin our exploration of sex at an early age through psuedosexual stages (Rana, 1977). His second essay on Infantile Sexuality discussed the early childhood stages and perversions that affect all.(Rana, 1977) During this controversial time it is the parents who show young children how to act. Therefore, in a family that hugs and touches each other lovingly we should expect to see the children to do so as well. Children are known for mimicking or â€Å"parroting † behavior in which they attempt to learn the societal norms. With this as the basis of a child’s development as a sexual being they should be off to a good start. Media Motivators and Sexual Education Unfortunately, parents are not the only influence on a child’s development in sexuality. From magazine articles to movies we are surrounded by relationships, some are healthy and some are not. Sex†¦it sells! Or so the media likes to tell us. They post beautiful women half naked on every magazine add, television show, or movie; but it is not just the men who are targeted by such adds. Young girls want to be these women, because they are popular and what society tells us is beautiful. The headlines associated with these beautiful photos read â€Å"How to Make Him Want More Sex†Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"How to Make Him Orgasm†Ã¢â‚¬ , and lets not forget â€Å"A Newer, Sexier You for the New Year†.† Is this really how we want our children to learn about sex? Unfortunately, within American culture we see girls younger and younger having children, indicating sexual behavior before marriage. From these indications it is clear that media has the primary influence of sexual culture. Schools offer sexual education often at the young age of middle school in order to assist parents with this large task to right media’s wrongs. Although schools focus their education on abstinence rather the safe sex and sexual diseases, some education is better then none or so they tell us. Smith et al.(2003, para 4) results showed that children’s knowledge of sexual risks was low, especially in areas of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. A sexual risk that controversially has received no attention is the psychological risk that sex can have on one. Without a healthy relationship a person often is left with guilty feelings, regret, and low self worth. This is definitely not the message portrayed through magazine articles. According to Okazaki (Feb. 2002, para 1), the Asian American population is not influenced highly by media motivators. Through her study of this ethnic group she found that because the Asian American population is characterized primarily through their cultural characteristics based on family, collective goals of individual wishes, emphasis on propriety and social codes; sex is reserved for marriage. Through their influences based on modesty there is an exceptional difference in premarital sex. However, her results also show that the more the Asian American culture comes acclimated to our society the more sexual behavior they exhibit. Sexual Gender Theories and Gender Roles Many of the sexual influenced are biased toward gender roles, a set of culturally specific norms concerning expected behaviors and attitudes based on sexual identity of male or female (King, 2012, p. 198). As Okazaki pointed out, in Asian American culture it is still viewed as acceptable for those of the male gender to experiment sexually before marriage, but females are considered delicate flowers not allowed to completely bloomed until matched in a marital pair (2002, para 2). Within the American culture our roles have relaxed some to allow females to experiment, but not until they are a ripe legal age. We allow our men to experiment early through touch (masturbation) and view it as acceptable, yet when little girls play with their bodies it nearly devastates us. Through our harsh reactions we teach the young to feel guilty and wrong about sexual explorations. Many gender roles of our time allow women to work and seek education before or during their motherhood years; changes from our earlier history of the American women. Although a woman may take on these â€Å"extracurricular activities† they are still expected to carry on the traditional chores of housework and child rearing. Men have less responsibility to be the primary breadwinner, yet this is traditionally still their main societal focus. Smith et al. (2003, para 4) research transcripts also put light to the different sexual roles for males and females. It showed females should be more culturally restrained, and males as less abstinent. Both sexes adolescents had strong views towards family importance in the influence of sexual behavior, something congruent across cultural barriers. Part of these gender roles associated with sex pertains to the two gender theories. The first gender theory is that of the sociocultural theory in which the differences are based on the culture in which they are raised; something that we discussed throughout the previous paragraphs. The evolutionary role puts the behavioral difference based on the pressures each sex deals with daily. For women it is that sex is for reproduction, so they seek out the optimal mate in which to love and settle down with. For men it is the attraction, risk taking, and competitiveness that draw them towards multiple mates. In this theory we see more of a discussion on the relationship view of sex, in which we discuss love, attraction, and intimacy. Young women are given pretty pictures of love associated with sex and happy ever after; however, as adults through experience we learn this is not the truth. Healthy relationships are those in which we can say at the end of the day that all experiences including sexual ones are positive (King, 2012, p. 298), this should be the thought we teach our adolescents. Sexual Dysfunction and Commercialized Sex Wilhelm Reich (Demeo, 1998, para 2) believed and proved that emotions and sexuality were directly related, and that there was energy in the libido. His work proved not only that the energy existed but also that sexual dysfunction was a product of emotional detachment due to traumatic event in ones life. Essentially Reich was able to correlate how emotions could play into ones sexual disorder and relate that to sexual crimes. He brought the study of sexual humanity to light, and sought to assist in curing those with sexual ailments. These were important advancements in the study of socio-cultural influences on sexuality as they began to show how our upbringing could negatively affect our sexual views and society. Over time our society has set to life rules and laws against sexually lude behavior, in which we could negatively influence the young. Some of these laws involved diminishing prostitution, limiting access to pornographic materials, and eliminate sex trafficking. From what we do, so shall our children do (author unknown). It is evident that adolescents seek to mimic the actions they see as popular. Movies, television, and magazines teach us to go forth into sexual exploration, and not to worry. The truth is a different story, and so our society must realize the need for change. We must foster education, modesty, and healthy sexual relationships in order to teach younger generations the impact of sexual interactions. We have the option as a society full of culture to choose whether we want generations of sexual dysfunction and violence, or love and sex. How to cite Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality, Papers

Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality Free Essays

â€Å"Sexuality is an important part of our lives†(King, 2012, p.1), and a reoccurring theme throughout our development. The role that sexuality plays in each of our lives is so important that we see its influence through multiple sources in life, including media and social culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now No matter where you look in society some sort of sexuality is present; whether walking in the mall, observing the family life, or watching teens socialize. What is it though that makes a sexually relationship healthy? Is it attraction, intimacy, love, or interactions with each other? Through this paper we will discuss all the aspects of socio-cultural influences on sexuality, as well as the healthy relationship. It was Rathus (1993) who told us â€Å"human sexuality is the way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings.† It only makes sense that through our environment we learn what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior, even when talking about sex. History is flourished with studies on the affects of sexual experiences, and cultural influences. It was Freud who taught us that we begin our exploration of sex at an early age through psuedosexual stages (Rana, 1977). His second essay on Infantile Sexuality discussed the early childhood stages and perversions that affect all.(Rana, 1977) During this controversial time it is the parents who show young children how to act. Therefore, in a family that hugs and touches each other lovingly we should expect to see the children to do so as well. Children are known for mimicking or â€Å"parroting † behavior in which they attempt to learn the societal norms. With this as the basis of a child’s development as a sexual being they should be off to a good start. Media Motivators and Sexual Education Unfortunately, parents are not the only influence on a child’s development in sexuality. From magazine articles to movies we are surrounded by relationships, some are healthy and some are not. Sex†¦it sells! Or so the media likes to tell us. They post beautiful women half naked on every magazine add, television show, or movie; but it is not just the men who are targeted by such adds. Young girls want to be these women, because they are popular and what society tells us is beautiful. The headlines associated with these beautiful photos read â€Å"How to Make Him Want More Sex†Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"How to Make Him Orgasm†Ã¢â‚¬ , and lets not forget â€Å"A Newer, Sexier You for the New Year†.† Is this really how we want our children to learn about sex? Unfortunately, within American culture we see girls younger and younger having children, indicating sexual behavior before marriage. From these indications it is clear that media has the primary influence of sexual culture. Schools offer sexual education often at the young age of middle school in order to assist parents with this large task to right media’s wrongs. Although schools focus their education on abstinence rather the safe sex and sexual diseases, some education is better then none or so they tell us. Smith et al.(2003, para 4) results showed that children’s knowledge of sexual risks was low, especially in areas of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. A sexual risk that controversially has received no attention is the psychological risk that sex can have on one. Without a healthy relationship a person often is left with guilty feelings, regret, and low self worth. This is definitely not the message portrayed through magazine articles. According to Okazaki (Feb. 2002, para 1), the Asian American population is not influenced highly by media motivators. Through her study of this ethnic group she found that because the Asian American population is characterized primarily through their cultural characteristics based on family, collective goals of individual wishes, emphasis on propriety and social codes; sex is reserved for marriage. Through their influences based on modesty there is an exceptional difference in premarital sex. However, her results also show that the more the Asian American culture comes acclimated to our society the more sexual behavior they exhibit. Sexual Gender Theories and Gender Roles Many of the sexual influenced are biased toward gender roles, a set of culturally specific norms concerning expected behaviors and attitudes based on sexual identity of male or female (King, 2012, p. 198). As Okazaki pointed out, in Asian American culture it is still viewed as acceptable for those of the male gender to experiment sexually before marriage, but females are considered delicate flowers not allowed to completely bloomed until matched in a marital pair (2002, para 2). Within the American culture our roles have relaxed some to allow females to experiment, but not until they are a ripe legal age. We allow our men to experiment early through touch (masturbation) and view it as acceptable, yet when little girls play with their bodies it nearly devastates us. Through our harsh reactions we teach the young to feel guilty and wrong about sexual explorations. Many gender roles of our time allow women to work and seek education before or during their motherhood years; changes from our earlier history of the American women. Although a woman may take on these â€Å"extracurricular activities† they are still expected to carry on the traditional chores of housework and child rearing. Men have less responsibility to be the primary breadwinner, yet this is traditionally still their main societal focus. Smith et al. (2003, para 4) research transcripts also put light to the different sexual roles for males and females. It showed females should be more culturally restrained, and males as less abstinent. Both sexes adolescents had strong views towards family importance in the influence of sexual behavior, something congruent across cultural barriers. Part of these gender roles associated with sex pertains to the two gender theories. The first gender theory is that of the sociocultural theory in which the differences are based on the culture in which they are raised; something that we discussed throughout the previous paragraphs. The evolutionary role puts the behavioral difference based on the pressures each sex deals with daily. For women it is that sex is for reproduction, so they seek out the optimal mate in which to love and settle down with. For men it is the attraction, risk taking, and competitiveness that draw them towards multiple mates. In this theory we see more of a discussion on the relationship view of sex, in which we discuss love, attraction, and intimacy. Young women are given pretty pictures of love associated with sex and happy ever after; however, as adults through experience we learn this is not the truth. Healthy relationships are those in which we can say at the end of the day that all experiences including sexual ones are positive (King, 2012, p. 298), this should be the thought we teach our adolescents. Sexual Dysfunction and Commercialized Sex Wilhelm Reich (Demeo, 1998, para 2) believed and proved that emotions and sexuality were directly related, and that there was energy in the libido. His work proved not only that the energy existed but also that sexual dysfunction was a product of emotional detachment due to traumatic event in ones life. Essentially Reich was able to correlate how emotions could play into ones sexual disorder and relate that to sexual crimes. He brought the study of sexual humanity to light, and sought to assist in curing those with sexual ailments. These were important advancements in the study of socio-cultural influences on sexuality as they began to show how our upbringing could negatively affect our sexual views and society. Over time our society has set to life rules and laws against sexually lude behavior, in which we could negatively influence the young. Some of these laws involved diminishing prostitution, limiting access to pornographic materials, and eliminate sex trafficking. From what we do, so shall our children do (author unknown). It is evident that adolescents seek to mimic the actions they see as popular. Movies, television, and magazines teach us to go forth into sexual exploration, and not to worry. The truth is a different story, and so our society must realize the need for change. We must foster education, modesty, and healthy sexual relationships in order to teach younger generations the impact of sexual interactions. We have the option as a society full of culture to choose whether we want generations of sexual dysfunction and violence, or love and sex. How to cite Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality, Papers